Crisis, hegemony and relations of forces. From the Latin American context to the case of Argentina in the 21st century

Abstract

The objective of the article is to generate a typology of the senses of the concept of crisis in Gramsci, from which to identify and analyze different moments of crisis during the 21st century. To do this, we recover the uses of the crisis in the Prison Notebooks and organize them, from a multidimensional and multiscalar approach, in articulation with the categories of relations of force and hegemony. We apply this typology to periodize the interrelation of the Latin American context and the case of Argentina. Thus, we investigate the crisis of neoliberalism and the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, its characteristics and scope. Then, we examine the formation of a Latin American war of positions and a populist hegemony during the cycle of Kirchnerist governments and neodevelopmentalism. Likewise, within said cycle, we analyze a conjunctural crisis in two segments during 2008 and 2009, from which we evaluate the scope and limits of that process, within the framework of the imperialist counter-offensive on the region. We conclude with an approach to the governments of Cambiemos and of Frente de Todos to ask ourselves about the persistence of a long crisis developed since 2018 that is beginning to acquire organic features, outlining final reflections on the present.