La centralidad del conflicto en el Estrecho de Taiwán en la relación Estados Unidos-China durante el gobierno de Donald Trump (2017-2021): hacia la Cuarta crisis del Estrecho
Palabras clave:
Taiwán; ambigüedad estratégica; realismo neoclásico; posverdad; Ley de Viajes a Taiwán; Ley TAIPEIResumen
El articulo elabora un análisis de la política exterior de Estados Unidos hacia la República Popular China durante el gobierno de Donald Trump. A lo largo del periodo estudiado, el conflicto histórico existente en el Estrecho de Taiwán ocupó una centralidad creciente en la relación bilateral sino-estadounidense al ser considerado una cuestión prioritaria por parte de Washington. En la investigación se analizan las políticas instrumentadas por el gobierno trumpista hacia la cuestión de Taiwán en dos niveles: 1) en el nivel institucional, la modificación del sistema legal estadounidense que paulatinamente ha intervenido de manera extraterritorial en el asunto de Taiwán como en los casos de la Ley TAIPEI (TAIPEI Act) y la Ley de Viajes a Taiwán (Taiwan Travels Act) para funcionarios estadounidenses. 2) En el nivel de la conflictividad geopolítica es analizado el discurso estadounidense hacia China formulado desde la perspectiva del concepto de “posverdad” generado por el nacionalismo de Trump: unas acciones que incentivaron, en agosto de 2022, la que se considera la Cuarta crisis en el Estrecho de Taiwán, durante el gobierno de Joseph Biden. El discurso de desinformación o de la “posverdad” de Trump puede identificarse como parte de la elaboración de “teorías” que denuncian el peligro de China como una amenaza revisionista para el sistema internacional: en su momento, el discurso trumpista recibió una respuesta favorable por parte del nacionalismo independentista de Taiwán representado por el gobierno de Tsai Ing-wen. La investigación utiliza un marco teórico que converge con el realismo neoclásico de Relaciones Internacionales.
Descargas
Citas
Referencias
BIDEN, J. (2021) Remarks by President Biden in Press Conference. The White House, Washington, 25 de marzo, en: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/25/remarks-by-president-biden-in-press-conference/
BBC (14 de agosto de 2023). “Taiwan VP a “Troublemaker” for US visit: Beijing”. BBC, en: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-66495368
CAI, Y. (10 de enero de 2024). “????????????? ?????18????” (“Wuhan feiyan ji liugan jiang ru liu hang gaofeng Yilan xian kaishe 18 ge kuai da zhan”). Liberty Times (????), en: https://health.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/4548103
CHEN, D. (2022). “Learning from the First Phase of the Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis”. China Brief 22(15), en: https://jamestown.org/program/learning-from-the-first-phase-of-the-fourth-taiwan-strait-crisis/
CNBC (10 de agosto de 2020). “U.S. Health Chief offers Taiwan ‘strong’ support in Landmark Visit”. CNBC, en: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/10/us-health-chief-offers-taiwan-strong-support-in-landmark-visit.html
CNN (23 de marzo de 2018). “Trump hits China with Tariffs, heightening concerns of Global Trade War”, CNN, en: https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/22/politics/donald-trump-china-tariffs-trade-war/
CONNELLY, M (2021). “China en 2020: Coronavirus y cambios en la relación con los países desarrollados”. Anuario Asia-Pacifico 2021, en: https://anuarioasiapacifico.colmex.mx/index.php/aap/article/view/322
CONNELLY, M. (2014). Historia de Taiwán. México: El Colegio de México.
DELURY, J; HAGAARD S; y LEE, J. (2022). “Introduction: The Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis is here”. Global Asia 17(3), en: https://www.globalasia.org/v17no3/cover/introduction-the-fourth-taiwan-strait-crisis-is-here_john-delury-stephan-haggardjames-lee
FENG, Z. (7 de junio de 2021). “US, Japan Vaccine aid to Taiwan counters China’s Regional Clout: Political Scientists”. Taiwan News, en: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4217645
GAO, CH. (4 de junio de 2016). “Was It Wise for Tsai Ing-wen to reject the “1992 Consensus” Publicly?” The Diplomat, en: https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/was-it-wise-for-tsai-ing-wen-to-reject-the-1992-consensus-publicly/
GRZEGORZEWSKI, F. (2022). “Strategic Ambiguity in US-Taiwan Relations during the Donald Trump Administration”. Polish Political Science Yearbook 51.
HEER, P. (2 de agosto de 2022). “The Next Taiwan Strait Crisis Has Arrived”. The National Interest, en: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/next-taiwan-strait-crisis-has-arrived-203974
HOO, T.B y SWORN H.E. (2020). “Strategic Ambiguity and the Trumpian Approach to China–Taiwan Relations”. International Affairs 96(2).
HU, P. (27 de mayo de 2016). “What is The 1992 Consensus, And Will Tsai Ing-wen Follow It?” Radio Free Asia, en: https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/what-is-the-1992-consensus-and-will-tsai-ing-wen-follow-it-05272016110921.html
HSU, S. (23 de julio de 2016). “Tsai cites Public’s will over “Consensus””, Taipei Times, en: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/07/23/2003651597
JANUSCH, H y LORBERG, D. (2020): “Maximum Pressure, Minimum Deal: President Trump’s Trade War with a Rising China”. S&F Sicherheit und Frieden, 38(2), Baden-Baden: Nomos.
KUEHN, D. (2021). “Managing the Status Quo: Continuity and Change in the United States´ Taiwan Policy”. GIGA Focus Asia 6 (Hamburgo).
KUO, W-H. (2021). “Channeling Facts, Crouching Rumours: Taiwan’s Post-Truth Encounter with the Covid Pandemic”. Science, Technology & Society 27(2).
(Ley ARIA) Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018 (31 de diciembre de 2018). 115to Congreso de Estados Unidos (Public Law 115-409), en: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2736/text
(Ley TAIPEI) Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act (26 de marzo de 2020). 116to Congreso de Estados Unidos (Public Law 116–135), en: https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ135/PLAW-116publ135.pdf
LIU, C-d. (2023). “Coronationalism in the Risk Society: The Nationalist Discourses of Taiwanese Professional Baseball during the Outbreak of COVID-19”. En: Yamamoto, N (ed.), The COVID-19 Pandemic and Risks in East Asia, Nueva York: Routledge.
LIN, T-m; WU, C-y y CHARM, T. (2023). “When Independence Meets Reality: Symbolic and Pragmatic Politics in Taiwan”. Journal of Contemporary China (junio).
MINISTERIO DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES DE TAIWÁN (4 de enero de 2019). MOFA welcomes Enactment of Asia Reassurance Initiative Act by US Government. Taipéi: MOFA, en: https://subsite.mofa.gov.tw/enidia/News_Content.aspx?n=C75A4BF1F464785E&sms=89F2D70A41678F4B&s=61C5E1FD1FCE5E73
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (13 de agosto de 2018). 115to Congreso de Estados Unidos (Public Law 115–232), en: https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr5515/BILLS-115hr5515enr.pdf
PENCE, M. (4 de octubre de 2018). Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration’s Policy Toward China. Washington: The White House, en: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/
POMPEO, M. (3 de mayo de 2020a). “Pompeo: “Enormous Evidence” Coronavirus originated in Chinese Lab”. Voice of America, en: https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_pompeo-enormous-evidence-coronavirus-originated-chinese-lab/6188639.html
POMPEO, M. (2020b). Secretary Michael R. Pompeo remarks: “Communist China and the Free World’s Future”. Departamento de Estado, Yorba Linda, en: https://mn.usembassy.gov/speech-secretary-pompeo-07-23-2020/
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (2017). National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington: The White House, en: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf
REUTERS (13 de enero de 2021). “U.S. cancels U.N. envoy's trip to Taiwan, citing Biden Transition”. Reuters, en: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan/u-s-cancels-u-n-envoys-trip-to-taiwan-citing-biden-transition-idUSKBN29H2QJ/
THE GUARDIAN (29 de abril de 2019). “Two US Warships sail through Taiwan Strait in Challenge to China”. The Guardian, en: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/29/two-us-warships-sail-through-taiwan-strait-in-challenge-to-china
RIPSMAN, N.M; TALIAFERRO, J.W. y LOBELL, S.E. (2016). “Neoclassical Realist Intervening Variables”. En: RIPSMAN, N.M., et al. (ed.): Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
RTVE (23 de abril de 2023). “Borrell pide a la UE que “patrulle el estrecho de Taiwán” en plena tensión entre China y EE.UU”. RTVE, en: https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20230423/borrell-pide-a-ue-patrulle-estrecho-taiwan-plena-tension-entre-china-eeuu/2440687.shtml
Six Assurances to Taiwan (1982), en: http://www.taiwandocuments.org/assurances.htm
SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST (29 de agosto de 2021). “US-China Trade War Timeline: Key Dates and Events since July 2018”. South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), en: https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3146489/us-china-trade-war-timeline-key-dates-and-events-july-2018
SUTTER, R. (10 de septiembre de 2022). “Taiwan Strait Crisis Strengthens US resolve to support Taiwan, Counter China”. The Diplomat, en: https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/taiwan-strait-crisis-strengthens-us-resolve-to-support-taiwan-counter-china/
SUTTER, R. (2018). “The 115th Congress aligns with the Trump Administration in targeting China”. Pacific Forum PacNet 62 (Honolulú).
TAIPEI TIMES (3 de agosto de 2022). “Pelosi in Taiwan: Legislators from all Major Parties welcome Pelosi”. Taipei Times, en: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/08/03/2003782895
TAIPEI TIMES (1 abril de 2020). “Virus Outbreak: ‘Wuhan pneumonia’ accurate term: Su”. Taipei Times, en: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/04/01/2003733783
TAIWAN NEWS (1 de enero de 2019) “Trump signs pro-Taiwan “Asia Reassurance Initiative Act” into Law”. Taiwan News, en: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3608137
Taiwan Relations Act (1979). Congreso de Estados Unidos (Public Law 96-8), en: https://www.ait.org.tw/taiwan-relations-act-public-law-96-8-22-u-s-c-3301-et-seq/
Taiwan Travel Act (16 de marzo de 2018). 115to Congreso de Estados Unidos (Public Law 115–135), en: https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ135/PLAW-115publ135.pdf
THE CHINA PROJECT (6 de abril de 2020). “In Taiwan, is it “COVID-19” or “Wuhan Pneumonia”?” The China Project, en: https://thechinaproject.com/2020/04/06/in-taiwan-is-it-covid-19-or-wuhan-pneumonia/
THE GUARDIAN (12 de abril de 2017). “Trump told Xi of Syria strikes over “beautiful piece of chocolate cake””. The Guardian, en: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/trump-xi-jinping-chocolate-cake-syria-strikes
THE NEW YORK TIMES (18 de marzo de 2020). “Trump defends using “Chinese Virus” Label, ignoring growing Criticism”. The New York Times, en: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html
Third Joint Communiqué on Arms Sales to Taiwan (17 de agosto de 1982), en: http://www.taiwandocuments.org/communique03.htm
THE STRAIT TIMES (13 de enero de 2024). “Taiwan Ruling Party DPP’s Lai Ching-te wins Presidential Election”. The Strait Times, en: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-ruling-partys-lai-takes-initial-lead-in-presidential-vote
THE VOICE OF AMERICA (1 de abril de 2020). “Taiwan Still Calls COVID-19 “Chinese Virus” but Trump Doesn't”. The Voice of America, en: https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_taiwan-still-calls-covid-19-chinese-virus-trump-doesnt/6186738.html
TRUMP, D. (1 de mayo de 2020). “Trump contradicts US intel Community by claiming he’s seen evidence Coronavirus originated in Chinese Lab”. CNN, en: https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/30/politics/trump-intelligence-community-china-coronavirus-origins/index.html
TRUMP, D. (2 de marzo de 2018). “Trump tweets: “Trade wars are good, and easy to win””. Reuters, en: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1GE1E9/
TSAI, I-w. (2 de enero de 2019). President Tsai issues statement on China's President Xi's “Message to Compatriots in Taiwan”. Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan), Taipéi, en: https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5621
UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU (2024). Trade in Goods with China, en: https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html
YE, X. (2021). “From Strategic Ambiguity to Maximum Pressure? Explaining the Logic of the US Taiwan Policy in the Post–Cold War Era”. Journal of Asian and African Studies 57(8).
YING, Y.L. (2022). “The Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis: What did the August Exercises around Taiwan Accomplish?” China Brief 22(18), en: https://jamestown.org/program/the-fourth-taiwan-strait-crisis-what-did-the-august-exercises-around-taiwan-accomplish/
XINHUA (2 de agosto de 2022). “?????????????2022?8?4?12??7?12?????????????????????????????”, (“Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun jiang yu Beijing shijian 2022 nian 8 yue 4 ri 12 shi zhi 7 ri 12 shi, zai yixia haiyu he kongyu, jinxing zhongyao junshi yan xun xingdong, bing zuzhi shi tan sheji”). China Securities Journal, Beijing, en: https://www.cs.com.cn/xwzx/hg/202208/t20220802_6288752.html
XINHUA (28 de marzo de 2020). “China's top Legislature firmly opposes U.S. signing Taiwan-Related Act into Law”. Xinhua, en: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/28/c_138924026.htm?fbclid=IwAR1kKaL5k1gAe9GORIARvEboX2qier5SSEORpZaHI3FURplZIwnmFShzcT8.
XINHUA (18 de marzo de 2018). “Mainland says US Taiwan Travel Act a wrong Signal”. Xinhua, en: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/18/c_137048310.htm
ZHAO, L. (2020). “Zhao Lijian responde sobre su tweet que cuestiona el origen del nuevo coronavirus”. Diario del Pueblo, Beijing, en: http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/n3/2020/0408/c31621-9677256.html.
ZHU, S. (15 de mayo de 2018). “The Taiwan Travel Act is Counterproductive”. China-US Focus, en:https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/the-taiwan-travel-act-is-counterproductive
ZUO, X. (2021). “The Trump Effect: China’s New Thoughts on the United States”. The Washington Quarterly, 44(1).
##submission.downloads##
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Antrópica. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
